Abstract: Hard carbon has become a promising electrode material for energy storage systems by virtue of its high theoretical capacity, good capacity retention ability and stable internal structure. In recent years, the preparation of hard carbon with unique microstructure using biomass with tunable porous structure as precursor has become a hot research topic in the field of electrochemical energy storage. The common preparation methods of biomass hard carbon are reviewed in the light of domestic and international research results, and the electrochemical performance of using biomass hard carbon materials as anode electrodes for secondary batteries (LIBs, SIBs, PIBs) is discussed, where doping non-carbon atoms in carbon-based anode materials can improve the electrical conductivity of the materials and promote the electron transport, which is proved to be an effective strategy to improve their electrochemical performance, and finally, it is concluded that the current challenges and future prospects of biomass carbon-based anode materials in improving the energy storage performance of secondary batteries. Biomass hard carbon materials are expected to become commercial anode materials due to their low price, wide source and excellent electrochemical performance.